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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> [Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 5.2.1-MySQL存储 </h1>
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                <p>在Python 2中，连接MySQL的库大多是使用MySQLdb，但是此库的官方并不支持Python 3，所以这里推荐使用的库是PyMySQL。</p>
                <p>本节中，我们就来讲解使用PyMySQL操作MySQL数据库的方法。</p>
                <h2 id="1-准备工作"><a href="#1-准备工作" class="headerlink" title="1. 准备工作"></a>1. 准备工作</h2>
                <p>在开始之前，请确保已经安装好了MySQL数据库并保证它能正常运行，而且需要安装好PyMySQL库。如果没有安装，可以参考第1章。</p>
                <h2 id="2-连接数据库"><a href="#2-连接数据库" class="headerlink" title="2. 连接数据库"></a>2. 连接数据库</h2>
                <p>这里，首先尝试连接一下数据库。假设当前的MySQL运行在本地，用户名为root，密码为123456，运行端口为3306。这里利用PyMySQL先连接MySQL，然后创建一个新的数据库，名字叫作spiders，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymysql</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">db = pymysql.<span class="keyword">connect</span>(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>,<span class="keyword">user</span>=<span class="string">'root'</span>, <span class="keyword">password</span>=<span class="string">'123456'</span>, port=<span class="number">3306</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">cursor</span> = db.<span class="keyword">cursor</span>()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">cursor</span>.<span class="keyword">execute</span>(<span class="string">'SELECT VERSION()'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">data = <span class="keyword">cursor</span>.fetchone()</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'Database version:'</span>, data)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">cursor</span>.<span class="keyword">execute</span>("CREATE DATABASE spiders DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8")</span><br><span class="line">db.<span class="keyword">close</span>()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">Database</span> <span class="keyword">version</span>: (<span class="string">'5.6.22'</span>,)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里通过PyMySQL的<code>connect()</code>方法声明一个MySQL连接对象<code>db</code>，此时需要传入MySQL运行的<code>host</code>（即IP）。由于MySQL在本地运行，所以传入的是<code>localhost</code>。如果MySQL在远程运行，则传入其公网IP地址。后续的参数<code>user</code>即用户名，<code>password</code>即密码，<code>port</code>即端口（默认为<code>3306</code>）。</p>
                <p>连接成功后，需要再调用<code>cursor()</code>方法获得MySQL的操作游标，利用游标来执行SQL语句。这里我们执行了两句SQL，直接用<code>execute()</code>方法执行即可。第一句SQL用于获得MySQL的当前版本，然后调用<code>fetchone()</code>方法获得第一条数据，也就得到了版本号。第二句SQL执行创建数据库的操作，数据库名叫作spiders，默认编码为UTF-8。由于该语句不是查询语句，所以直接执行后就成功创建了数据库spiders。接着，再利用这个数据库进行后续的操作。</p>
                <h2 id="3-创建表"><a href="#3-创建表" class="headerlink" title="3. 创建表"></a>3. 创建表</h2>
                <p>一般来说，创建数据库的操作只需要执行一次就好了。当然，我们也可以手动创建数据库。以后，我们的操作都在spiders数据库上执行。</p>
                <p>创建数据库后，在连接时需要额外指定一个参数<code>db</code>。</p>
                <p>接下来，新创建一个数据表students，此时执行创建表的SQL语句即可。这里指定3个字段，结构如表5-1所示。</p>
                <p>表5-1 数据表students</p>
                <p>字段名</p>
                <p>含义</p>
                <p>类型</p>
                <p><code>id</code></p>
                <p>学号</p>
                <p><code>varchar</code></p>
                <p><code>name</code></p>
                <p>姓名</p>
                <p><code>varchar</code></p>
                <p><code>age</code></p>
                <p>年龄</p>
                <p><code>int</code></p>
                <p>创建该表的示例代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymysql</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">db = pymysql.<span class="keyword">connect</span>(host=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, <span class="keyword">user</span>=<span class="string">'root'</span>, <span class="keyword">password</span>=<span class="string">'123456'</span>, port=<span class="number">3306</span>, db=<span class="string">'spiders'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">cursor</span> = db.<span class="keyword">cursor</span>()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">sql</span> = <span class="string">'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students (id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, age INT NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id))'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">cursor</span>.<span class="keyword">execute</span>(<span class="keyword">sql</span>)</span><br><span class="line">db.<span class="keyword">close</span>()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行之后，我们便创建了一个名为students的数据表。</p>
                <p>当然，为了演示，这里只指定了最简单的几个字段。实际上，在爬虫过程中，我们会根据爬取结果设计特定的字段。</p>
                <h2 id="4-插入数据"><a href="#4-插入数据" class="headerlink" title="4. 插入数据"></a>4. 插入数据</h2>
                <p>下一步就是向数据库中插入数据了。例如，这里爬取了一个学生信息，学号为20120001，名字为Bob，年龄为20，那么如何将该条数据插入数据库呢？示例代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import pymysql</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">id = <span class="string">'20120001'</span></span><br><span class="line">user = <span class="string">'Bob'</span></span><br><span class="line">age = 20</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">db = pymysql.connect(<span class="attribute">host</span>=<span class="string">'localhost'</span>, <span class="attribute">user</span>=<span class="string">'root'</span>, <span class="attribute">password</span>=<span class="string">'123456'</span>, <span class="attribute">port</span>=3306, <span class="attribute">db</span>=<span class="string">'spiders'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">cursor = db.cursor()</span><br><span class="line">sql = <span class="string">'INSERT INTO students(id, name, age) values(%s, %s, %s)'</span></span><br><span class="line">try:</span><br><span class="line">    cursor.execute(sql, (id, user, age))</span><br><span class="line">    db.commit()</span><br><span class="line">except:</span><br><span class="line">    db.rollback()</span><br><span class="line">db.close()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里首先构造了一个SQL语句，其<code>Value</code>值没有用字符串拼接的方式来构造，如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">sql = '<span class="keyword">INSERT</span> <span class="keyword">INTO</span> students(<span class="keyword">id</span>, <span class="keyword">name</span>, age) <span class="keyword">values</span>(<span class="string">' + id + '</span>, <span class="string">' + name + '</span>, <span class="string">' + age + '</span>)<span class="string">'</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样的写法烦琐而且不直观，所以我们选择直接用格式化符<code>%s</code>来实现。有几个<code>Value</code>写几个<code>%s</code>，我们只需要在<code>execute()</code>方法的第一个参数传入该SQL语句，<code>Value</code>值用统一的元组传过来就好了。这样的写法既可以避免字符串拼接的麻烦，又可以避免引号冲突的问题。</p>
                <p>之后值得注意的是，需要执行<code>db</code>对象的<code>commit()</code>方法才可实现数据插入，这个方法才是真正将语句提交到数据库执行的方法。对于数据插入、更新、删除操作，都需要调用该方法才能生效。</p>
                <p>接下来，我们加了一层异常处理。如果执行失败，则调用<code>rollback()</code>执行数据回滚，相当于什么都没有发生过。</p>
                <p>这里涉及事务的问题。事务机制可以确保数据的一致性，也就是这件事要么发生了，要么没有发生。比如插入一条数据，不会存在插入一半的情况，要么全部插入，要么都不插入，这就是事务的原子性。另外，事务还有3个属性——一致性、隔离性和持久性。这4个属性通常称为ACID特性，具体如表5-2所示。</p>
                <p>表5-2 事务的4个属性</p>
                <p>属性</p>
                <p>解释</p>
                <p>原子性（atomicity）</p>
                <p>事务是一个不可分割的工作单位，事务中包括的诸操作要么都做，要么都不做</p>
                <p>一致性（consistency）</p>
                <p>事务必须使数据库从一个一致性状态变到另一个一致性状态。一致性与原子性是密切相关的</p>
                <p>隔离性（isolation）</p>
                <p>一个事务的执行不能被其他事务干扰，即一个事务内部的操作及使用的数据对并发的其他事务是隔离的，并发执行的各个事务之间不能互相干扰</p>
                <p>持久性（durability）</p>
                <p>持续性也称永久性（permanence），指一个事务一旦提交，它对数据库中数据的改变就应该是永久性的。接下来的其他操作或故障不应该对其有任何影响</p>
                <p>插入、更新和删除操作都是对数据库进行更改的操作，而更改操作都必须为一个事务，所以这些操作的标准写法就是：</p>
                <figure class="highlight vim">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">cursor</span>.<span class="keyword">execute</span>(sql)</span><br><span class="line">    db.commit()</span><br><span class="line">excep<span class="variable">t:</span></span><br><span class="line">    db.rollback()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样便可以保证数据的一致性。这里的<code>commit()</code>和<code>rollback()</code>方法就为事务的实现提供了支持。</p>
                <p>上面数据插入的操作是通过构造SQL语句实现的，但是很明显，这有一个极其不方便的地方，比如突然增加了性别字段<code>gender</code>，此时SQL语句就需要改成：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sas">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">INSERT</span> <span class="meta">INTO</span> students(id, name, age, gender) values(<span class="name">%s</span>, <span class="name">%s</span>, <span class="name">%s</span>, <span class="name">%s</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>相应的元组参数则需要改成：</p>
                <figure class="highlight hy">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">(<span class="name"><span class="builtin-name">id</span></span>, name, age, gender)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这显然不是我们想要的。在很多情况下，我们要达到的效果是插入方法无需改动，做成一个通用方法，只需要传入一个动态变化的字典就好了。比如，构造这样一个字典：</p>
                <figure class="highlight 1c">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    'id': '<span class="number">20120001</span>',</span><br><span class="line">    'name': 'Bob',</span><br><span class="line">    'age': <span class="number">20</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>然后SQL语句会根据字典动态构造，元组也动态构造，这样才能实现通用的插入方法。所以，这里我们需要改写一下插入方法：</p>
                <figure class="highlight vim">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">data = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'20120001'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Bob'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">20</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">table = <span class="string">'students'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">keys</span> = <span class="string">', '</span>.<span class="keyword">join</span>(data.<span class="built_in">keys</span>())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">values</span> = <span class="string">', '</span>.<span class="keyword">join</span>([<span class="string">'%s'</span>] * <span class="built_in">len</span>(data))</span><br><span class="line">sql = <span class="string">'INSERT INTO &#123;table&#125;(&#123;keys&#125;) VALUES (&#123;values&#125;)'</span>.format(table=table, <span class="built_in">keys</span>=<span class="built_in">keys</span>, <span class="built_in">values</span>=<span class="built_in">values</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="built_in">cursor</span>.<span class="keyword">execute</span>(sql, tuple(data.<span class="built_in">values</span>())):</span><br><span class="line">       <span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'Successful'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">       db.commit()</span><br><span class="line">excep<span class="variable">t:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'Failed'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    db.rollback()</span><br><span class="line">db.<span class="keyword">close</span>()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们传入的数据是字典，并将其定义为<code>data</code>变量。表名也定义成变量<code>table</code>。接下来，就需要构造一个动态的SQL语句了。</p>
                <p>首先，需要构造插入的字段<code>id</code>、<code>name</code>和<code>age</code>。这里只需要将<code>data</code>的键名拿过来，然后用逗号分隔即可。所以<code>&#39;, &#39;.join(data.keys())</code>的结果就是<code>id, name, age</code>，然后需要构造多个<code>%s</code>当作占位符，有几个字段构造几个即可。比如，这里有三个字段，就需要构造<code>%s, %s, %s</code>。这里首先定义了长度为1的数组<code>[&#39;%s&#39;]</code>，然后用乘法将其扩充为<code>[&#39;%s&#39;, &#39;%s&#39;, &#39;%s&#39;]</code>，再调用<code>join()</code>方法，最终变成<code>%s, %s, %s</code>。最后，我们再利用字符串的<code>format()</code>方法将表名、字段名和占位符构造出来。最终的SQL语句就被动态构造成了：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sas">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">INSERT</span> <span class="meta">INTO</span> students(id, name, age) VALUES (<span class="name">%s</span>, <span class="name">%s</span>, <span class="name">%s</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>最后，为<code>execute()</code>方法的第一个参数传入<code>sql</code>变量，第二个参数传入<code>data</code>的键值构造的元组，就可以成功插入数据了。</p>
                <p>如此以来，我们便实现了传入一个字典来插入数据的方法，不需要再去修改SQL语句和插入操作了。</p>
                <h2 id="5-更新数据"><a href="#5-更新数据" class="headerlink" title="5. 更新数据"></a>5. 更新数据</h2>
                <p>数据更新操作实际上也是执行SQL语句，最简单的方式就是构造一个SQL语句，然后执行：</p>
                <figure class="highlight vim">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">sql = <span class="string">'UPDATE students SET age = %s WHERE name = %s'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="built_in">cursor</span>.<span class="keyword">execute</span>(sql, (<span class="number">25</span>, <span class="string">'Bob'</span>))</span><br><span class="line">   db.commit()</span><br><span class="line">excep<span class="variable">t:</span></span><br><span class="line">   db.rollback()</span><br><span class="line">db.<span class="keyword">close</span>()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里同样用占位符的方式构造SQL，然后执行<code>execute()</code>方法，传入元组形式的参数，同样执行<code>commit()</code>方法执行操作。如果要做简单的数据更新的话，完全可以使用此方法。</p>
                <p>但是在实际的数据抓取过程中，大部分情况下需要插入数据，但是我们关心的是会不会出现重复数据，如果出现了，我们希望更新数据而不是重复保存一次。另外，就像前面所说的动态构造SQL的问题，所以这里可以再实现一种去重的方法，如果数据存在，则更新数据；如果数据不存在，则插入数据。另外，这种做法支持灵活的字典传值。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight vim">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">data = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'id'</span>: <span class="string">'20120001'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Bob'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">21</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">table = <span class="string">'students'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">keys</span> = <span class="string">', '</span>.<span class="keyword">join</span>(data.<span class="built_in">keys</span>())</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">values</span> = <span class="string">', '</span>.<span class="keyword">join</span>([<span class="string">'%s'</span>] * <span class="built_in">len</span>(data))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">sql = <span class="string">'INSERT INTO &#123;table&#125;(&#123;keys&#125;) VALUES (&#123;values&#125;) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE'</span>.format(table=table, <span class="built_in">keys</span>=<span class="built_in">keys</span>, <span class="built_in">values</span>=<span class="built_in">values</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">update</span> = <span class="string">','</span>.<span class="keyword">join</span>([<span class="string">" &#123;key&#125; = %s"</span>.format(key=key) <span class="keyword">for</span> key in data])</span><br><span class="line">sql += <span class="keyword">update</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="built_in">cursor</span>.<span class="keyword">execute</span>(sql, tuple(data.<span class="built_in">values</span>())*<span class="number">2</span>):</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'Successful'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        db.commit()</span><br><span class="line">excep<span class="variable">t:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'Failed'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    db.rollback()</span><br><span class="line">db.<span class="keyword">close</span>()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里构造的SQL语句其实是插入语句，但是我们在后面加了<code>ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE</code>。这行代码的意思是如果主键已经存在，就执行更新操作。比如，我们传入的数据<code>id</code>仍然为<code>20120001</code>，但是年龄有所变化，由20变成了21，此时这条数据不会被插入，而是直接更新<code>id</code>为<code>20120001</code>的数据。完整的SQL构造出来是这样的：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sas">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">INSERT</span> <span class="meta">INTO</span> students(id, name, age) VALUES (<span class="name">%s</span>, <span class="name">%s</span>, <span class="name">%s</span>) <span class="meta">ON</span> DUPLICATE <span class="meta">KEY</span> <span class="meta">UPDATE</span> id = <span class="name">%s</span>, name = <span class="name">%s</span>, age = <span class="name">%s</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里就变成了6个<code>%s</code>。所以在后面的<code>execute()</code>方法的第二个参数元组就需要乘以2变成原来的2倍。</p>
                <p>如此一来，我们就可以实现主键不存在便插入数据，存在则更新数据的功能了。</p>
                <h2 id="6-删除数据"><a href="#6-删除数据" class="headerlink" title="6. 删除数据"></a>6. 删除数据</h2>
                <p>删除操作相对简单，直接使用<code>DELETE</code>语句即可，只是需要指定要删除的目标表名和删除条件，而且仍然需要使用<code>db</code>的<code>commit()</code>方法才能生效。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight lua">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">table</span> = <span class="string">'students'</span></span><br><span class="line">condition = <span class="string">'age &gt; 20'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">sql = <span class="string">'DELETE FROM  &#123;table&#125; WHERE &#123;condition&#125;'</span>.<span class="built_in">format</span>(<span class="built_in">table</span>=<span class="built_in">table</span>, condition=condition)</span><br><span class="line">try:</span><br><span class="line">    cursor.<span class="built_in">execute</span>(sql)</span><br><span class="line">    db.commit()</span><br><span class="line">except:</span><br><span class="line">    db.rollback()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">db.<span class="built_in">close</span>()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>因为删除条件有多种多样，运算符有大于、小于、等于、<code>LIKE</code>等，条件连接符有<code>AND</code>、<code>OR</code>等，所以不再继续构造复杂的判断条件。这里直接将条件当作字符串来传递，以实现删除操作。</p>
                <h2 id="7-查询数据"><a href="#7-查询数据" class="headerlink" title="7. 查询数据"></a>7. 查询数据</h2>
                <p>说完插入、修改和删除等操作，还剩下非常重要的一个操作，那就是查询。查询会用到<code>SELECT</code>语句，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight vim">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">sql = <span class="string">'SELECT * FROM students WHERE age &gt;= 20'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">cursor</span>.<span class="keyword">execute</span>(sql)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'Count:'</span>, <span class="built_in">cursor</span>.rowcount)</span><br><span class="line">    one = <span class="built_in">cursor</span>.fetchone()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'One:'</span>, one)</span><br><span class="line">    results = <span class="built_in">cursor</span>.fetchall()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'Results:'</span>, results)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'Results Type:'</span>, <span class="built_in">type</span>(results))</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> row in result<span class="variable">s:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">print</span>(row)</span><br><span class="line">excep<span class="variable">t:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'Error'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight 1c">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">Count: <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line">One: ('<span class="number">20120001</span>', 'Bob', <span class="number">25</span>)</span><br><span class="line">Results: (('<span class="number">20120011</span>', 'Mary', <span class="number">21</span>), ('<span class="number">20120012</span>', 'Mike', <span class="number">20</span>), ('<span class="number">20120013</span>', 'James', <span class="number">22</span>))</span><br><span class="line">Results Type: &lt;class 'tuple'&gt;</span><br><span class="line">('<span class="number">20120011</span>', 'Mary', <span class="number">21</span>)</span><br><span class="line">('<span class="number">20120012</span>', 'Mike', <span class="number">20</span>)</span><br><span class="line">('<span class="number">20120013</span>', 'James', <span class="number">22</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们构造了一条SQL语句，将年龄20岁及以上的学生查询出来，然后将其传给<code>execute()</code>方法。注意，这里不再需要<code>db</code>的<code>commit()</code>方法。接着，调用<code>cursor</code>的<code>rowcount</code>属性获取查询结果的条数，当前示例中是4条。</p>
                <p>然后我们调用了<code>fetchone()</code>方法，这个方法可以获取结果的第一条数据，返回结果是元组形式，元组的元素顺序跟字段一一对应，即第一个元素就是第一个字段<code>id</code>，第二个元素就是第二个字段<code>name</code>，以此类推。随后，我们又调用了<code>fetchall()</code>方法，它可以得到结果的所有数据。然后将其结果和类型打印出来，它是二重元组，每个元素都是一条记录，我们将其遍历输出出来。</p>
                <p>但是这里需要注意一个问题，这里显示的是3条数据而不是4条，<code>fetchall()</code>方法不是获取所有数据吗？这是因为它的内部实现有一个偏移指针用来指向查询结果，最开始偏移指针指向第一条数据，取一次之后，指针偏移到下一条数据，这样再取的话，就会取到下一条数据了。我们最初调用了一次<code>fetchone()</code>方法，这样结果的偏移指针就指向下一条数据，<code>fetchall()</code>方法返回的是偏移指针指向的数据一直到结束的所有数据，所以该方法获取的结果就只剩3个了。</p>
                <p>此外，我们还可以用<code>while</code>循环加<code>fetchone()</code>方法来获取所有数据，而不是用<code>fetchall()</code>全部一起获取出来。<code>fetchall()</code>会将结果以元组形式全部返回，如果数据量很大，那么占用的开销会非常高。因此，推荐使用如下方法来逐条取数据：</p>
                <figure class="highlight vim">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">sql = <span class="string">'SELECT * FROM students WHERE age &gt;= 20'</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">cursor</span>.<span class="keyword">execute</span>(sql)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'Count:'</span>, <span class="built_in">cursor</span>.rowcount)</span><br><span class="line">    row = <span class="built_in">cursor</span>.fetchone()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">while</span> ro<span class="variable">w:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'Row:'</span>, row)</span><br><span class="line">        row = <span class="built_in">cursor</span>.fetchone()</span><br><span class="line">excep<span class="variable">t:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'Error'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样每循环一次，指针就会偏移一条数据，随用随取，简单高效。</p>
                <p>本节中，我们介绍了如何使用PyMySQL操作MySQL数据库以及一些SQL语句的构造方法，后面会在实战案例中应用这些操作来存储数据。</p>
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